[mohammdon]

Ground effect :-

Interferes with airflow patterns near the surface of the earth .

Alters spanwise lift distribution .

Reduces required angle of attack .

Exists one wingspan height above the surface .

Most noticeable when within half a wingspan height of the surface .

An airplane may abruptly settle back to the surface after flying through ground effect if the pilot has not attained the recommended takeoff speed.

Induced drag decreases in ground effect. Thus, excess airspeed may result in considerable floating during landing.

wake turbulence :-

Wingtip vortices develop when an aircraft's wings are creating lift.

Turbulence is greatest when the generating aircraft is heavy, clean, and slow.

Vortices circulate outward and upward around the wingtips.

Vortices tend to sink below the generating aircraft. Thus, avoid the turbulence by remaining above and upwind.

Light quartering tailwinds are the most dangerous conditions.

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